Alternative fuel

Alternatives Fuel
Alternative fuels, as defined by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), include ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, biodiesel*, electricity, methanol, and p-series fuels. These fuels are being used worldwide in a variety of vehicle applications.
Using these alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. In addition, most of these fuels can be domestically produced and derived from renewable sources.
Use these alternative fuels pages to learn more about the fuels, their benefits, and how they can be used in personal and fleet vehicles. You can compare alternative fuels properties, including benefits, environmental impacts, and more. To get regional alternative fuel pricing data, go to the Alternative Fuel Price Report.
* Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under EPAct. Lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered alternative fuels, but covered fleets can earn one EPAct credit for every 450 gallons of B100 purchased for use in blends of 20% or higher.
Alguns dos combustíveis alternativos
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air pollutants.
P-Series fuel is a unique blend of natural gas liquids (pentanes plus), ethanol, and the biomass-derived co-solvent methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF). P-Series fuels are clear, colorless, 89-93 octane, liquid blends that are formulated to be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFV's). P-Series are designed to be used alone or freely mixed with gasoline in any proportion inside the FFV's gas tank. These fuels are not currently being produced in large quantities and are not widely used.
Since 1992, when the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) was passed, only one new fuel has been recognized as an alternative fuel under the EPAct petitions provision. P-Series fuels were added to the list of alternative fuels in 1999.

Methanol also known as wood álcool, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 (a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline). However, it is not commonly used because automakers are no longer supplying methanol-powered vehicles.
Methanol can be used to make methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), an oxygenate which is blended with gasoline to enhance octane and create cleaner burning fuel. MTBE production and use has declined because it has been found to contaminate ground water. In the future, methanol could possibly be the fuel of choice for providing the hydrogen necessary to power fuel cell vehicles.

vocabulary
harmful: prejudicial
generally: geralmente
exhaust: exaustão
covered: coberto
purchased: comprado
blends: misturas
frelly: livremente
currently: atualmente
widely: exatamente
petitions: petições
However: entretanto
blended: misturado
could: poderia
choice: escolha; preferência
providing: fornecer
hydrogen:hidrogênio

questões
1- Quais são os os combustiveis alternativos definidos pelo ato da política de energia de 1992(EPAct)?
2- O melhora com a utiização desses combustiveis?
3- Como é produzido o etanol?
4- De que é derivado o biodisel?
5- Por que a produção e o uso de MTBE declinou?


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