Combustibles alternative
THE ONE Brazil does have the beatitude of being rich well into bounciness hidroelétrica , that you have your inconvenients , but did not contribui for this greenhouse , like the he burns as of fuel oil or charcoal. In the US , than it is to they depend chiefly from the combustion , the contribution for this greenhouse is the largest of the of the planet. He begins the one awakening in that country a consciousness he might give whole question , against it the will from the head of state Bush , alloyed as a is at the industry from the fuel oil. The pusuance as of fonts alternatives AND the hit of the carriages hybrids movido at the gas AND eletricidade , that's a it shows thereof.
Comparative amidst combustibles
This one is also the closure by one I study than it is to has just be published By two scientists Norwegian. Karl Hoyer AND Erling Holden balance the costs environmental of the many combustibles about to automobiles , stretching from the gas AND the oil diesel , as far as those who are only promises technological , still far from the viabilização , as the hidrogênio. The result that's a ranking " which can appear logical at first blush : the gas AND the one diesel , as a would be as of in case that await , they are at the últimas placements. But there are some supreendentes zebras under cover at the categorization. THE ONE comparative among the combustibles alternative about to cars has been made taking - in case that into consideration the expenditure energéticos AND the broadcast as of pollutants at the procedures as of crop , industrialization AND expenditure of the several combustibles. Have been computed the custom as of bounciness , the broadcast as of gases causers from the effect greenhouse AND the broadcast as of pollutants local AND regionalmente. Have been compared gas diesel AND natural gas AND fonts alternatives as of fuel , as a ethanol , methanol , biofuel AND hidrogênio. As of short-bodied upward at the categorization logo afterward of the cars the gas they come the cars bicombustível than it is to consonant gas AND natural gas. " any fuel alternative than it is to we anticipate it is best than the carriages than it is to we use today " they say the surveytakers. THE ONE ample champ in terms of earnings environmental is the one hidrogênio , extracted from the methanol AND generating bounciness by means of cells the one fuel. This is , in the mean time , an option still far from the viabilização econômica and that , even from the point of view strictly by our service , still has annoyances the one he shall be sorted out.
Environmental costs
The surveytakers they rode your own ranking allocating one peso as of 1 the one 16 for each one of ítens considered : I use as of bounciness , broadcasts as of carbon AND pollution along oxides nitrogenados. The onuses have been assigned coletando - in case that the data totals stretching from the one removing or crop from the fuel as far as your he burns at the on the pump from the automobile from the well to the escapamento , as a they say the surveytakers. As you the onuses as of each procedure they are addition , the result that's a banknote which equals the one the whole calaboose energética as of each fuel , on each of the three ítens. For example , in the event from the hidrogênio , have been considered the one removing from the natural gas at the well , your own processing about to removing from the hidrogênio liquefied , the stock from the hidrogênio AND your application well into a cell the one fuel gang um automobile. The cage energética than it is to has the smaller addition across the board it was the best placed at the ranking , inasmuch as the sum of your impact at the ítens considered it was the under age feasible. The jails energéticas with the greater addition across the board they are considered those potentially more damages to the environmement - atmosphere.
Best fuel
It doesn't let of being attractive the one suit of what the one hidrogênio , even generating merely water as a byproduct well into your application at the cell the one fuel , he may be as well an alternative "" fossil In theend , the one natural gas is almost um " brother gêmeo " from the fuel oil , being as well um recourse finite. IS that's why as the browsers they are such interested in to remove hidrogênio as of other fonts from the water , more namely ( merely for the effects more new veja Super molecule is do you really mean it usina as of strain , generating hidrogênio along solar energy AND Biocélula the one fuel generates bounciness from the hidrogênio well into air atmosphere ). Ditto natural gas , on the other hand , when burnt diretamente at the on the pump , all by oneself fica ago from the gas AND from the diesel , in terms of efficiency , worn away energético AND pollution. Another deception it was the biometanol the methanol extracted as of fonts recuperative. Even when used well into cells the one fuel , as the hidrogênio , he fica at the últimas placements , along big ones impact environmental. " must be enfatizado that no calaboose energética individually does have finest placement at every the categories as of impact " they say the surveytakers. " there are always some type as of appointment involved. Hereby , there aren't winners blatant ; merely contra-entries boas AND ruins among the different categories as of impact "
Course of the biofuel
Is not at the toa it would not exists atualmente um consensus above the than it is to would be the option more sustentável or more environmentaly brokerage as you the affair they are the combustibles even the biofuel. The one to in case that does have saw they are arguments half , based well into researches half , that take well into account merely appearances half. The result is than it is to have just in case that stands out the arguments politicians. As a does not exist um winner inequívoco , can - in case that as well anticipate paths after in an attempt to in case that attain a system as of transportations auto sustentável. Can - in case that accompany the course from the efficiency ameliorating - in case that the income energético as of each fuel , the course from the replacement AND the course from the abatement from the expenditure. Even aí , However , there are annoyances. " each [ course ] does have your patron " they say the scientists , " but , as a matter of fact , there are enormous zones ashes amidst they "
Perguntas:
1) De acordo com o texto quais são as fontes alternativas de combustíveis?
2) Qual o grande campeão em formas de ganho ambientais.
a) Etanol
b) Diesel
c) Hidrogênio extraído do metanol
d) Gasolina
e) Gás natural.
3) De onde os pesquisadores estão interessados a extrair o hidrogênio.
4) De acordo com o texto qual fica nas últimas colocações, com grandes impactos ambientais.
5) De acordo com o texto como pode melhorar as rotas dos biocombustíveis.
Vocabulário:
Petroleum: Petróleo
Coal: Carvão
Fue: Combustíveis
Oil: Óleo
Technology: Tecnologia
Placment: Colocação
Calaboose energética: Cadeia energética
Effect greenhouse: Efeito estufa
Carriagers hybrids: Carros híbridos
Bounciness: Energia
Cell: Célula
Carbon: Carbono
Storage: Armazenamento
Recuperative: Renováveis
Contra-entries: Contrapartidas.
Componentes do Grupo:
Carolina Ribeiro nº 21
Gabriela Araújo 29
Gessyca Alonso 30
Izabela Duque 33
Juliana Alves 38
sexta-feira, 15 de junho de 2007
Alternative Fuel
Alternative fuel
The definition of Alternative Fuel varies according to the context of its usage. In the context of petroleum substitutes, the term 'alternative fuel' can imply any available fuel or energy source, and does not necessarily refer to a source of renewable energy. In the context of environmental sustainability, 'alternative fuel' often implies an ecologically benign renewable fuel.
Alternative Fuels, also known as non-conventional fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as a fuel, other than conventional fuels. Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas), and also in some instances nuclear materials such as uranium. Some well known alternative fuels include biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, methane, natural gas, vegetable oil, biomass, and peanut oil.
Alternative Fuel
Alternative fuels, as defined by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), include ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, biodiesel*, electricity, methanol, and p-series fuels. These fuels are being used worldwide in a variety of vehicle applications. Learn more about how the EPAct Program works by going to the EPAct Web site.
Using these alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. In addition, most of these fuels can be domestically produced and derived from renewable sources.
Use these alternative fuels pages to learn more about the fuels, their benefits, and how they can be used in personal and fleet vehicles. You can compare alternative fuels properties, including benefits, environmental impacts, and more. To get regional alternative fuel pricing data, go to the Alternative Fuel Price Report.
* Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under EPAct. Lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered alternative fuels, but covered fleets can earn one EPAct credit for every 450 gallons of B100 purchased for use in blends of 20% or higher. To learn more, visit the EPAct Alternative Fuels Web page.
Perguntas:
1: Quais são os combustíveis considerados alternativos e quais não são para a EPAct???
2: Quais são os combustíveis alternativos que incluem a eletricidade?
3: Com quais materiais são feitos os combustíveis considerados ‘ecologicamente renovável’?
4: Usando os combustíveis alternativos evitamos que tipo de exaustão para o meio ambiente?
5: Como podemos comparar combustíveis alternativos e os benefícios que causam ao impacto ambiental?
6: Quais combustíveis podem ser substituídos do petróleo?
Vocabulário:
purchased = comprado
vehicles = Veículos
environmental = ambiental
blends = misturas
covered = coberto
sources = fontes
properties = propriedades
Names : Aline nº 02 , Aline nº 04 , Bianca nº 04 , Carolina nº 19 , Danyelle n º 24
The definition of Alternative Fuel varies according to the context of its usage. In the context of petroleum substitutes, the term 'alternative fuel' can imply any available fuel or energy source, and does not necessarily refer to a source of renewable energy. In the context of environmental sustainability, 'alternative fuel' often implies an ecologically benign renewable fuel.
Alternative Fuels, also known as non-conventional fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as a fuel, other than conventional fuels. Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas), and also in some instances nuclear materials such as uranium. Some well known alternative fuels include biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, methane, natural gas, vegetable oil, biomass, and peanut oil.
Alternative Fuel
Alternative fuels, as defined by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), include ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, biodiesel*, electricity, methanol, and p-series fuels. These fuels are being used worldwide in a variety of vehicle applications. Learn more about how the EPAct Program works by going to the EPAct Web site.
Using these alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. In addition, most of these fuels can be domestically produced and derived from renewable sources.
Use these alternative fuels pages to learn more about the fuels, their benefits, and how they can be used in personal and fleet vehicles. You can compare alternative fuels properties, including benefits, environmental impacts, and more. To get regional alternative fuel pricing data, go to the Alternative Fuel Price Report.
* Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under EPAct. Lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered alternative fuels, but covered fleets can earn one EPAct credit for every 450 gallons of B100 purchased for use in blends of 20% or higher. To learn more, visit the EPAct Alternative Fuels Web page.
Perguntas:
1: Quais são os combustíveis considerados alternativos e quais não são para a EPAct???
2: Quais são os combustíveis alternativos que incluem a eletricidade?
3: Com quais materiais são feitos os combustíveis considerados ‘ecologicamente renovável’?
4: Usando os combustíveis alternativos evitamos que tipo de exaustão para o meio ambiente?
5: Como podemos comparar combustíveis alternativos e os benefícios que causam ao impacto ambiental?
6: Quais combustíveis podem ser substituídos do petróleo?
Vocabulário:
purchased = comprado
vehicles = Veículos
environmental = ambiental
blends = misturas
covered = coberto
sources = fontes
properties = propriedades
Names : Aline nº 02 , Aline nº 04 , Bianca nº 04 , Carolina nº 19 , Danyelle n º 24
Alternative fuel
Alternatives Fuel
Alternative fuels, as defined by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), include ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, biodiesel*, electricity, methanol, and p-series fuels. These fuels are being used worldwide in a variety of vehicle applications.
Using these alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. In addition, most of these fuels can be domestically produced and derived from renewable sources.
Use these alternative fuels pages to learn more about the fuels, their benefits, and how they can be used in personal and fleet vehicles. You can compare alternative fuels properties, including benefits, environmental impacts, and more. To get regional alternative fuel pricing data, go to the Alternative Fuel Price Report.
* Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under EPAct. Lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered alternative fuels, but covered fleets can earn one EPAct credit for every 450 gallons of B100 purchased for use in blends of 20% or higher.
Alguns dos combustíveis alternativos
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air pollutants.
P-Series fuel is a unique blend of natural gas liquids (pentanes plus), ethanol, and the biomass-derived co-solvent methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF). P-Series fuels are clear, colorless, 89-93 octane, liquid blends that are formulated to be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFV's). P-Series are designed to be used alone or freely mixed with gasoline in any proportion inside the FFV's gas tank. These fuels are not currently being produced in large quantities and are not widely used.
Since 1992, when the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) was passed, only one new fuel has been recognized as an alternative fuel under the EPAct petitions provision. P-Series fuels were added to the list of alternative fuels in 1999.
Methanol also known as wood álcool, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 (a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline). However, it is not commonly used because automakers are no longer supplying methanol-powered vehicles.
Methanol can be used to make methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), an oxygenate which is blended with gasoline to enhance octane and create cleaner burning fuel. MTBE production and use has declined because it has been found to contaminate ground water. In the future, methanol could possibly be the fuel of choice for providing the hydrogen necessary to power fuel cell vehicles.
vocabulary
harmful: prejudicial
generally: geralmente
exhaust: exaustão
covered: coberto
purchased: comprado
blends: misturas
frelly: livremente
currently: atualmente
widely: exatamente
petitions: petições
However: entretanto
blended: misturado
could: poderia
choice: escolha; preferência
providing: fornecer
hydrogen:hidrogênio
questões
1- Quais são os os combustiveis alternativos definidos pelo ato da política de energia de 1992(EPAct)?
2- O melhora com a utiização desses combustiveis?
3- Como é produzido o etanol?
4- De que é derivado o biodisel?
5- Por que a produção e o uso de MTBE declinou?
Bruno Kleber n° 13
Caio Daniel n° 15
Caio Roldan n° 16
Jorge Lima n° 37
Alternative fuels, as defined by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), include ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, biodiesel*, electricity, methanol, and p-series fuels. These fuels are being used worldwide in a variety of vehicle applications.
Using these alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. In addition, most of these fuels can be domestically produced and derived from renewable sources.
Use these alternative fuels pages to learn more about the fuels, their benefits, and how they can be used in personal and fleet vehicles. You can compare alternative fuels properties, including benefits, environmental impacts, and more. To get regional alternative fuel pricing data, go to the Alternative Fuel Price Report.
* Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under EPAct. Lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered alternative fuels, but covered fleets can earn one EPAct credit for every 450 gallons of B100 purchased for use in blends of 20% or higher.
Alguns dos combustíveis alternativos
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air pollutants.
P-Series fuel is a unique blend of natural gas liquids (pentanes plus), ethanol, and the biomass-derived co-solvent methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF). P-Series fuels are clear, colorless, 89-93 octane, liquid blends that are formulated to be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFV's). P-Series are designed to be used alone or freely mixed with gasoline in any proportion inside the FFV's gas tank. These fuels are not currently being produced in large quantities and are not widely used.
Since 1992, when the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) was passed, only one new fuel has been recognized as an alternative fuel under the EPAct petitions provision. P-Series fuels were added to the list of alternative fuels in 1999.
Methanol also known as wood álcool, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 (a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline). However, it is not commonly used because automakers are no longer supplying methanol-powered vehicles.
Methanol can be used to make methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), an oxygenate which is blended with gasoline to enhance octane and create cleaner burning fuel. MTBE production and use has declined because it has been found to contaminate ground water. In the future, methanol could possibly be the fuel of choice for providing the hydrogen necessary to power fuel cell vehicles.
vocabulary
harmful: prejudicial
generally: geralmente
exhaust: exaustão
covered: coberto
purchased: comprado
blends: misturas
frelly: livremente
currently: atualmente
widely: exatamente
petitions: petições
However: entretanto
blended: misturado
could: poderia
choice: escolha; preferência
providing: fornecer
hydrogen:hidrogênio
questões
1- Quais são os os combustiveis alternativos definidos pelo ato da política de energia de 1992(EPAct)?
2- O melhora com a utiização desses combustiveis?
3- Como é produzido o etanol?
4- De que é derivado o biodisel?
5- Por que a produção e o uso de MTBE declinou?
Bruno Kleber n° 13
Caio Daniel n° 15
Caio Roldan n° 16
Jorge Lima n° 37
3ºB
Grupo:
Bruna Borges Nº. 09
Felipe Amorim 28
Joice Garcia 35
Luiza Volfa 41
Vinicius Venancio 45
Alternative Fuel
The definition of Alternative Fuel varies according to the context of its usage. In the context of petroleum substitutes, the term 'alternative fuel' can imply any available fuel or energy source, and does not necessarily refer to a source of renewable energy. In the context of environmental sustainability, 'alternative fuel' often implies an ecologically benign renewable fuel.
Alternative Fuels, also known as non-conventional fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as a fuel, other than conventional fuels. Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas), and also in some instances nuclear materials such as uranium. Some well known alternative fuels include biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, methane, natural gas, vegetable oil, biomass, and peanut oil.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils), which can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. It is thus distinguished from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO) used as fuels in some diesel vehicles.
In this article's context, biodiesel refers to alkyl esters made from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats.
Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic, and typically produces about 60% less net carbon dioxide emissions than petroleum-based diesel, as it is itself produced from atmospheric carbon dioxide via photosynthesis in plants. Pure biodiesel is available at many gas stations in
Some vehicle manufacturers are positive about the use of biodiesel, citing lower engine wear as one of the benefits of this fuel. However, as biodiesel is a better solvent than standard diesel, it 'cleans' the engine, removing deposits in the fuel lines, and this may cause blockages in the fuel injectors. For this reason, car manufacturers recommend that the fuel filter be changed a few months after switching to biodiesel (this part is often replaced anyway in regular servicing). Most manufacturers release lists of the cars that will run on 100% biodiesel.
Other vehicle manufacturers remain cautious over use of biodiesel. In the
Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers. Existing oil boilers may require conversion to run on biodiesel, but the conversion process is believed to be relatively simple.
Biodiesel can be distributed using today's infrastructure, and its use and production are increasing rapidly. Fuel stations are beginning to make biodiesel available to consumers, and a growing number of transport fleets use it as an additive in their fuel. Biodiesel is generally more expensive to purchase than petroleum diesel but this differential may diminish due to economies of scale, the rising cost of petroleum and government tax subsidies. In
Questions
1-)Qual é o principal objetivo do uso do combustível alternativo?
2-) Que definições ou tipos de combustíveis alternativos existem? Quais?
3-) O que exatamente “Biodisel” e da onde provém essa substância?
4-) O Biodisel proporciona benefícios e malefícios aos veículos que o usa, quais são? Por quê?
5-) O que acontece quanto ao preço do Biodisel em relação ao Diesel (derivado de petróleo)?
Vocabulário
Energy source = Fonte de energia
Know = Conhecido
Wear = Usado
Vehicles = Veículos
Emissions = Emissões
Cautions = Cuidado
Cheaper = Mais barato
Both = Os dois
Demand for Alternative Fuels
In the year 2000, there were about eight million vehicles around the world that ran on alternative fuels, indicating an increasing popularity of alternative fuels. There is growing social interest, and a perceived economic and political need for the development of alternative fuel sources. This is due to general environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns of sustainability.
The major environmental concern, according to an IPCC report, is that "Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" [1]. Since burning fossil fuels are known to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, they are a likely contributor to global warming.
Another concern is the peak oil theory, which predicts a rising cost of oil derived fuels caused by severe shortages of oil during an era of growing energy consumption. According to the 'peak oil' theory, the demand for oil will exceed supply and this gap will continue to grow, which could cause a growing energy crisis starting between 2010 and 2020. Lastly, the majority of the known petroleum reserves are located in the middle east. There is general concern that worldwide fuel shortages could intensify the unrest that exists in the region, leading to further conflict and war.
The production of alternative fuels can have widespread effects. For example, the production of corn-based ethanol has created an increased demand for the feed stock, causing rising prices in almost everything made from corn.However, in a competitive free market, an increased supply of ethanol reduces the demand for conventional fuels, and thus lowers fuel prices. The ethanol industry enables agricultural surpluses to be used to mitigate fuel shortages.
Vocabulary
Vehicle: veículo
Grow: cresça
Source: fonte
Environmental: ambiental
Concern: interesse
Since: desde
Burn: queimadura
Increase: aumento
Greenhouse: estufa
Likely: provável
Warming: aquecimento
Peak: auge
Exceed: superar
Supply: fornecimento
Gap: espaço vazio
Majority: maioria
Unrest: agitação
Further: promover
Widespread: comum
Feed: alimento
Stock: estoque
Lower: abaixa
Enable: autoriza
Mitigate: aliviar
Questões:
1) Em quem ano indicou uma popularidade crescente de combustíveis alternativos?
2) Qual é o principal interesse, de acordo com o IPCC?
3) O que poderia causar uma crise de energia?
4) Onde fica a maioria das reservas de petróleo?
5) O que reduz uma demanda e abaixa o preço dos combustíveis convencionais?
Componentes do Grupo
Bruna nº 11
Carolina nº 20
Debora nº 25
Jéssica nº 34
Renata nº 43
In the year 2000, there were about eight million vehicles around the world that ran on alternative fuels, indicating an increasing popularity of alternative fuels. There is growing social interest, and a perceived economic and political need for the development of alternative fuel sources. This is due to general environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns of sustainability.
The major environmental concern, according to an IPCC report, is that "Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" [1]. Since burning fossil fuels are known to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, they are a likely contributor to global warming.
Another concern is the peak oil theory, which predicts a rising cost of oil derived fuels caused by severe shortages of oil during an era of growing energy consumption. According to the 'peak oil' theory, the demand for oil will exceed supply and this gap will continue to grow, which could cause a growing energy crisis starting between 2010 and 2020. Lastly, the majority of the known petroleum reserves are located in the middle east. There is general concern that worldwide fuel shortages could intensify the unrest that exists in the region, leading to further conflict and war.
The production of alternative fuels can have widespread effects. For example, the production of corn-based ethanol has created an increased demand for the feed stock, causing rising prices in almost everything made from corn.However, in a competitive free market, an increased supply of ethanol reduces the demand for conventional fuels, and thus lowers fuel prices. The ethanol industry enables agricultural surpluses to be used to mitigate fuel shortages.
Vocabulary
Vehicle: veículo
Grow: cresça
Source: fonte
Environmental: ambiental
Concern: interesse
Since: desde
Burn: queimadura
Increase: aumento
Greenhouse: estufa
Likely: provável
Warming: aquecimento
Peak: auge
Exceed: superar
Supply: fornecimento
Gap: espaço vazio
Majority: maioria
Unrest: agitação
Further: promover
Widespread: comum
Feed: alimento
Stock: estoque
Lower: abaixa
Enable: autoriza
Mitigate: aliviar
Questões:
1) Em quem ano indicou uma popularidade crescente de combustíveis alternativos?
2) Qual é o principal interesse, de acordo com o IPCC?
3) O que poderia causar uma crise de energia?
4) Onde fica a maioria das reservas de petróleo?
5) O que reduz uma demanda e abaixa o preço dos combustíveis convencionais?
Componentes do Grupo
Bruna nº 11
Carolina nº 20
Debora nº 25
Jéssica nº 34
Renata nº 43
Alternative Fuels
Alternative Fuels
What will you fill up your car with in five to ten years? It's hard to say. Several different alternatives to petroleum and diesel, or ways to economize on them, have come forward in the past few years, and each has its own pluses and minuses.
Experts warn that it won't be easy to get off of petroleum or reduce how much the world uses. The amount of energy per liter derived from petroleum is far better than most of the alternatives, a worldwide infrastructure based on it already exists, and people tend to be lazy--seeking out alternative fuels takes some effort.
If oil drops below $55 a barrel, most of these alternatives stop becoming attractive, says Dan Arvizu, director of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. And the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is watching what is going on in alternative fuels and can gauge oil prices accordingly.
"We do have a problem with how serious we are about our energy challenges," he said.
Global warming and improving technology, however, are making the alternatives more realistic all the time. Here's a guide to the main alternatives.
1. Ethanol
What: Ethanol is an alcohol produced out of corn, sugar cane or other food crops. During the production process, the plant material goes through several stages of heating and reduction. Ethanol is typically mixed with gasoline. Some cars can run on a mix of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gas, but ethanol is most commonly used as an additive in smaller percentages. Forty-seven percent of U.S. drivers today use some form of ethanol, but they usually only put small amounts in their cars: many states now use it for a substitute for MTBE, a common fuel additive with potential health risks to humans and other animals.
Pros: Ethanol pollutes less than regular gas. And we already know how to make it in large volumes. Brazil uses ethanol made from sugar cane extensively. Investors are pouring billions of dollars into ethanol refineries in the U.S. There are 109 ethanol plants in the U.S. and 40 new projects coming on line, according to Michael Eckhart, president of American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE).
Cons: Where to begin? First, food crops aren't an ideal fuel source. An acre of corn produces 480 gallons of ethanol, according to Paul McCroskey, chief financial officer at Ceres, which makes enzymes for the fuel industry. That's a lot of land.
Ethanol only puts out two-thirds the energy of gas, so car mileage is lower on ethanol. Ethanol production also generates tons of carbon dioxide, which, if it's not captured turns into greenhouse gases. Producing ethanol also requires lots of energy. It's popular, say some, because farmers love it, and they tend to show up on Election Day.
To top it off, the price of corn is climbing, while gas prices are declining. In January 2006, ethanol sold for $3 a barrel, while a bushel of corn cost $2. Now, ethanol sells for $2 per barrel and corn goes for $4.20 a bushel, according to ACORE. "We have seen the most profitable space in the fuel business disappear in a year," said Eckhart. OPEC, he added, will lower oil prices to put pressure on the ethanol industry.
2. Cellulosic ethanol
What: Cellulosic ethanol is also an alcohol, but it's made out of wood chips, corn stalks and agricultural waste products. Some scientists also believe cellulosic ethanol can be produced out of plants like switchgrass that require little fertilizer and water and could grow in the windswept plains of South Dakota.
Pros: The feedstock dilemma essentially disappears. The vegetable matter used in cellulosic ethanol has almost no value, which will mean margins won't get compressed by commodity price shifts, and critics can't argue that food crops in a hungry world are going to cars. Mascoma, Dyadic International and other companies are also devising ways to convert the high-cellulose waste matter into alcohol with microbes and enzymes, there by cutting production costs and total greenhouse gas emissions.
The goal is to get cellulosic ethanol to the point where the "real" cost per gallon will run you $1.62, according to Arvizu. (The real cost is how much ethanol it will take to go as far as a gallon of gas will take you. Typically, 1.67 gallons of ethanol equal 1 gallon of gas.) By contrast, the "real" cost of standard ethanol is close to $3.50 or more now, he added.
Cons: It pretty much only exists in labs right now, but larger-scale production is coming. Mascoma plans to open a trial plant that can produce 500,000 gallons a year by the end of this year.
"It (commercial cellulosic ethanol production) used to be five or six years out, but we could get it done in three years. The key is being able to build a plant that can do one to two million gallons," said William Baum, executive vice president of Diversa, which finds microbes in exotic locales and puts them to work.
Like regular ethanol too, cellulosic faces a retail problem: the stations emblazoned with Shell or ChevronTexaco signs won't be clamoring to carry it. That's partly why only 1 percent of U.S. stations--mostly independents or pumps at grocery stores--serve ethanol.
3. Biodiesel
What: It's diesel fuel made out of soy, palm or other vegetable oils. The drippings from a deep fat fryer can run a diesel car, as long as you filter it and heat up the oil to make the oil more viscous. Biodiesel refiners essentially do the filtering for consumers. There are 85 biodiesel plants in the U.S. and 65 in construction, according to ACORE.
Pros: It's got far fewer economic and environmental hurdles than ethanol, says Martin Tobias, a former Microsoft exec who now runs Imperium Renewables, a biodiesel maker. Diesel cars are very popular in Europe, and several manufacturers make high-mileage diesel cars. Some truck and bus makers already produce diesel hybrid trucks. Biodiesel could be sold to those people right now. And since industrial diesel users buy their fuel directly, they don't have to worry about corporate service stations snubbing biodiesel altogether.
Finally, biodiesel puts out far less carbon gases. Sulfur can be a problem with soy-based biodiesel, but Tobias says it can be contained.
Cons: Farming sometimes isn't the most eco-friendly activity, and some worry that a surge in demand for palm oil will lead to slash-and-burn agriculture and pollution in the tropics. Advocates, though, say that farmers are tackling this problem. One group in Colombia is growing biodiesel feedstock on old coca plantations. The rising popularity of biodiesel is expected to impact the cost of food oil.
Even after the new facilities get built, biodiesel is a drop in the bucket of the world's fuel needs. There are only 150 million gallons of the stuff produced a year in the U.S. and, although that number will climb to 250 gallons this year, the U.S. consumes about 62 billion gallons of diesel a year.
Biofuel
Biofuel defined broadly is solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass. The more narrow definition used in this article is liquid or gas fuel derived from biomass and used as a fuel in transportation. Biomass used directly as a fuel is commonly called biomass fuel. The main reason for using biofuel is to reduce the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is reduced in two ways. One is by replacing fossil fuel (old biofuel) with biofuel. The second and maybe more inportant is the amount of carbon dioxide that is converted to oxygen by the bioplants as they grow. The most used biofuel today is E10 fuel because many states have banned regular gasoline in order to protect the environment. This was made possible since 1988 all cars are required by the goverment to use E20 fuel and many millions are E85 compliant.
Biomass is recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts - such as cow dung. It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal, and nuclear fuels. Agricultural products specifically grown for use as biofuels include corn and soybeans, primarily in the United States; flaxseed and rapeseed, primarily in Europe; sugar cane in Brazil; palm oil in South-East Asia; and jatropha (though not an agricultural product) in India. Biodegradable outputs from industry, agriculture, forestry and households can be used; examples include straw, timber, manure, rice husks, sewage, biodegradable waste, and food leftovers; they can be converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion. Biomass used as fuel often consists of underutilized types, like chaff and animal waste. The quality of timber or grassy biomass does not have a direct impact on its value as an energy-source.
Carbon neutral
Biofuels are currently significantly less carbon neutral than other forms of renewable energy due to the high use of fossil fuels in the production of biofuels. The combustion of biofuels produce carbon dioxide but always reduces the greenhouse effect in direct proportion to the amount of fossil fuel it saves from being burned. The carbon in biofuels is often taken to have been recently extracted from atmospheric carbon dioxide by plants as they have grown. The potential for biofuels to be considered to be "carbon neutral" depends upon the carbon that is emitted being reused by further plant growth. To be carbon neutral, or nearly so, wood harvest must be at or below the level of sustainable yield. Clearly cutting down trees in forests that have grown for hundreds, or thousands of years for use as a biofuel, without the replacement of this biomass would not have a carbon neutral effect. Many people believe that a way to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is to use biofuels to replace non-renewable sources of energy.
Much research is being done about the use of microalgae as an energy source, with applications for biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, methane, and even hydrogen. The production of biofuels to replace oil and natural gas is in active development, focusing on the use of cheap organic matter (usually cellulose, agricultural and sewage waste) in the efficient production of liquid and gas biofuels which yield high net energy gain. One advantage of biofuel over most other fuel types is that it is biodegradable, and so relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.
Vocabulário:
altogether - completamente
amount - quantia
bucket - balde
bushel - alqueire (medida de cereais)
clim - ascenção
crop - colheita
devising - legado
dripping - encharcado
emblazon - ornar
environmental - ambiente
feedstock - estoque de alimentos
fill up - encher completamente
forward - incentivar
fryer - ave comestível para fritar
gauge - critério
greenhouse - estufa
heat - calor
however - de qualquer modo
hurdle - obstáculo
lazy - preguiçoso
mileage - milhagem
pouring - despejar
pump - bomba
rising - ascenção
several - vários
slash - cortes
nub - desprezar
stalks - caule
switchgrass - gramíneas
warn - previnir
waste - desperdício
windswept- exposto ao vento
worldwide - mundial
worry - preocupação
Questões
1 O que é biocombustível e para o que ele serve ?
2 Quais são os principais combustíveis alternativos, o seus benefícios que traz a nós e sua principal função ?
3 Qual é o maior país produtor de combustível alternativo ?
4 Quais os países que já adotou o combustível ?
5 Você concorda com o uso do combustível, Por que ?
Nome: Alan Nº01 3ºB
Demand for Alternative Fuels
In the year 2000, there were about eight million vehicles around the world that ran on alternative fuels, indicating an increasing popularity of alternative fuels. There is growing social interest, and a perceived economic and political need for the development of alternative fuel sources. This is due to general environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns of sustainability.
The major environmental concern, according to an IPCC report, is that "Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" [1]. Since burning fossil fuels are known to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, they are a likely contributor to global warming.
Another concern is the peak oil theory, which predicts a rising cost of oil derived fuels caused by severe shortages of oil during an era of growing energy consumption. According to the 'peak oil' theory, the demand for oil will exceed supply and this gap will continue to grow, which could cause a growing energy crisis starting between 2010 and 2020. Lastly, the majority of the known petroleum reserves are located in the middle east. There is general concern that worldwide fuel shortages could intensify the unrest that exists in the region, leading to further conflict and war.
The production of alternative fuels can have widespread effects. For example, the production of corn-based ethanol has created an increased demand for the feed stock, causing rising prices in almost everything made from corn.However, in a competitive free market, an increased supply of ethanol reduces the demand for conventional fuels, and thus lowers fuel prices. The ethanol industry enables agricultural surpluses to be used to mitigate fuel shortages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel
Vocabulary
Vehicle: veículo
Grow: cresça
Source: fonte
Environmental: ambiental
Concern: interesse
Since: desde
Burn: queimadura
Increase: aumento
Greenhouse: estufa
Likely: provável
Warming: aquecimento
Peak: auge
Exceed: superar
Supply: fornecimento
Gap: espaço vazio
Majority: maioria
Unrest: agitação
Further: promover
Widespread: comum
Feed: alimento
Stock: estoque
Lower: abaixa
Enable: autoriza
Mitigate: aliviar
Questões:
1) Em que ano indicou uma popularidade crescente de combustíveis alternativos?
2) Qual é o principal interesse, de acordo com o IPCC?
3) O que poderia causar uma crise de energia?
4) Onde fica a maioria das reservas de petróleo?
5) O que reduz uma demanda e abaixa o preço dos combustíveis convencionais?
Componentes do Grupo
Bruna nº 11
Carolina nº 20
Debora nº 25
Jéssica nº 34
Renata nº 43
In the year 2000, there were about eight million vehicles around the world that ran on alternative fuels, indicating an increasing popularity of alternative fuels. There is growing social interest, and a perceived economic and political need for the development of alternative fuel sources. This is due to general environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns of sustainability.
The major environmental concern, according to an IPCC report, is that "Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" [1]. Since burning fossil fuels are known to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, they are a likely contributor to global warming.
Another concern is the peak oil theory, which predicts a rising cost of oil derived fuels caused by severe shortages of oil during an era of growing energy consumption. According to the 'peak oil' theory, the demand for oil will exceed supply and this gap will continue to grow, which could cause a growing energy crisis starting between 2010 and 2020. Lastly, the majority of the known petroleum reserves are located in the middle east. There is general concern that worldwide fuel shortages could intensify the unrest that exists in the region, leading to further conflict and war.
The production of alternative fuels can have widespread effects. For example, the production of corn-based ethanol has created an increased demand for the feed stock, causing rising prices in almost everything made from corn.However, in a competitive free market, an increased supply of ethanol reduces the demand for conventional fuels, and thus lowers fuel prices. The ethanol industry enables agricultural surpluses to be used to mitigate fuel shortages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel
Vocabulary
Vehicle: veículo
Grow: cresça
Source: fonte
Environmental: ambiental
Concern: interesse
Since: desde
Burn: queimadura
Increase: aumento
Greenhouse: estufa
Likely: provável
Warming: aquecimento
Peak: auge
Exceed: superar
Supply: fornecimento
Gap: espaço vazio
Majority: maioria
Unrest: agitação
Further: promover
Widespread: comum
Feed: alimento
Stock: estoque
Lower: abaixa
Enable: autoriza
Mitigate: aliviar
Questões:
1) Em que ano indicou uma popularidade crescente de combustíveis alternativos?
2) Qual é o principal interesse, de acordo com o IPCC?
3) O que poderia causar uma crise de energia?
4) Onde fica a maioria das reservas de petróleo?
5) O que reduz uma demanda e abaixa o preço dos combustíveis convencionais?
Componentes do Grupo
Bruna nº 11
Carolina nº 20
Debora nº 25
Jéssica nº 34
Renata nº 43
Alternative Fuels
What will you fill up your car with in five to ten years? It's hard to say. Several different alternatives to petroleum and diesel, or ways to economize on them, have come forward in the past few years, and each has its own pluses and minuses.
Experts warn that it won't be easy to get off of petroleum or reduce how much the world uses. The amount of energy per liter derived from petroleum is far better than most of the alternatives, a worldwide infrastructure based on it already exists, and people tend to be lazy--seeking out alternative fuels takes some effort.
If oil drops below $55 a barrel, most of these alternatives stop becoming attractive, says Dan Arvizu, director of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. And the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is watching what is going on in alternative fuels and can gauge oil prices accordingly.
"We do have a problem with how serious we are about our energy challenges," he said.
Global warming and improving technology, however, are making the alternatives more realistic all the time. Here's a guide to the main alternatives.
1. Ethanol
What: Ethanol is an alcohol produced out of corn, sugar cane or other food crops. During the production process, the plant material goes through several stages of heating and reduction. Ethanol is typically mixed with gasoline. Some cars can run on a mix of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gas, but ethanol is most commonly used as an additive in smaller percentages. Forty-seven percent of U.S. drivers today use some form of ethanol, but they usually only put small amounts in their cars: many states now use it for a substitute for MTBE, a common fuel additive with potential health risks to humans and other animals.
Pros: Ethanol pollutes less than regular gas. And we already know how to make it in large volumes. Brazil uses ethanol made from sugar cane extensively. Investors are pouring billions of dollars into ethanol refineries in the U.S. There are 109 ethanol plants in the U.S. and 40 new projects coming on line, according to Michael Eckhart, president of American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE).
Cons: Where to begin? First, food crops aren't an ideal fuel source. An acre of corn produces 480 gallons of ethanol, according to Paul McCroskey, chief financial officer at Ceres, which makes enzymes for the fuel industry. That's a lot of land.
Ethanol only puts out two-thirds the energy of gas, so car mileage is lower on ethanol. Ethanol production also generates tons of carbon dioxide, which, if it's not captured turns into greenhouse gases. Producing ethanol also requires lots of energy. It's popular, say some, because farmers love it, and they tend to show up on Election Day.
To top it off, the price of corn is climbing, while gas prices are declining. In January 2006, ethanol sold for $3 a barrel, while a bushel of corn cost $2. Now, ethanol sells for $2 per barrel and corn goes for $4.20 a bushel, according to ACORE. "We have seen the most profitable space in the fuel business disappear in a year," said Eckhart. OPEC, he added, will lower oil prices to put pressure on the ethanol industry.
2. Cellulosic ethanol
What: Cellulosic ethanol is also an alcohol, but it's made out of wood chips, corn stalks and agricultural waste products. Some scientists also believe cellulosic ethanol can be produced out of plants like switchgrass that require little fertilizer and water and could grow in the windswept plains of South Dakota.
Pros: The feedstock dilemma essentially disappears. The vegetable matter used in cellulosic ethanol has almost no value, which will mean margins won't get compressed by commodity price shifts, and critics can't argue that food crops in a hungry world are going to cars. Mascoma, Dyadic International and other companies are also devising ways to convert the high-cellulose waste matter into alcohol with microbes and enzymes, there by cutting production costs and total greenhouse gas emissions.
The goal is to get cellulosic ethanol to the point where the "real" cost per gallon will run you $1.62, according to Arvizu. (The real cost is how much ethanol it will take to go as far as a gallon of gas will take you. Typically, 1.67 gallons of ethanol equal 1 gallon of gas.) By contrast, the "real" cost of standard ethanol is close to $3.50 or more now, he added.
Cons: It pretty much only exists in labs right now, but larger-scale production is coming. Mascoma plans to open a trial plant that can produce 500,000 gallons a year by the end of this year.
"It (commercial cellulosic ethanol production) used to be five or six years out, but we could get it done in three years. The key is being able to build a plant that can do one to two million gallons," said William Baum, executive vice president of Diversa, which finds microbes in exotic locales and puts them to work.
Like regular ethanol too, cellulosic faces a retail problem: the stations emblazoned with Shell or ChevronTexaco signs won't be clamoring to carry it. That's partly why only 1 percent of U.S. stations--mostly independents or pumps at grocery stores--serve ethanol.
3. Biodiesel
What: It's diesel fuel made out of soy, palm or other vegetable oils. The drippings from a deep fat fryer can run a diesel car, as long as you filter it and heat up the oil to make the oil more viscous. Biodiesel refiners essentially do the filtering for consumers. There are 85 biodiesel plants in the U.S. and 65 in construction, according to ACORE.
Pros: It's got far fewer economic and environmental hurdles than ethanol, says Martin Tobias, a former Microsoft exec who now runs Imperium Renewables, a biodiesel maker. Diesel cars are very popular in Europe, and several manufacturers make high-mileage diesel cars. Some truck and bus makers already produce diesel hybrid trucks. Biodiesel could be sold to those people right now. And since industrial diesel users buy their fuel directly, they don't have to worry about corporate service stations snubbing biodiesel altogether.
Finally, biodiesel puts out far less carbon gases. Sulfur can be a problem with soy-based biodiesel, but Tobias says it can be contained.
Cons: Farming sometimes isn't the most eco-friendly activity, and some worry that a surge in demand for palm oil will lead to slash-and-burn agriculture and pollution in the tropics. Advocates, though, say that farmers are tackling this problem. One group in Colombia is growing biodiesel feedstock on old coca plantations. The rising popularity of biodiesel is expected to impact the cost of food oil.
Even after the new facilities get built, biodiesel is a drop in the bucket of the world's fuel needs. There are only 150 million gallons of the stuff produced a year in the U.S. and, although that number will climb to 250 gallons this year, the U.S. consumes about 62 billion gallons of diesel a year.
BiofuelBiofuel defined broadly is solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass. The more narrow definition used in this article is liquid or gas fuel derived from biomass and used as a fuel in transportation. Biomass used directly as a fuel is commonly called biomass fuel. The main reason for using biofuel is to reduce the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is reduced in two ways. One is by replacing fossil fuel (old biofuel) with biofuel. The second and maybe more inportant is the amount of carbon dioxide that is converted to oxygen by the bioplants as they grow. The most used biofuel today is E10 fuel because many states have banned regular gasoline in order to protect the environment. This was made possible since 1988 all cars are required by the goverment to use E20 fuel and many millions are E85 compliant.
Biomass is recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts - such as cow dung. It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal, and nuclear fuels. Agricultural products specifically grown for use as biofuels include corn and soybeans, primarily in the United States; flaxseed and rapeseed, primarily in Europe; sugar cane in Brazil; palm oil in South-East Asia; and jatropha (though not an agricultural product) in India. Biodegradable outputs from industry, agriculture, forestry and households can be used; examples include straw, timber, manure, rice husks, sewage, biodegradable waste, and food leftovers; they can be converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion. Biomass used as fuel often consists of underutilized types, like chaff and animal waste. The quality of timber or grassy biomass does not have a direct impact on its value as an energy-source.
Carbon neutral
Biofuels are currently significantly less carbon neutral than other forms of renewable energy due to the high use of fossil fuels in the production of biofuels. The combustion of biofuels produce carbon dioxide but always reduces the greenhouse effect in direct proportion to the amount of fossil fuel it saves from being burned. The carbon in biofuels is often taken to have been recently extracted from atmospheric carbon dioxide by plants as they have grown. The potential for biofuels to be considered to be "carbon neutral" depends upon the carbon that is emitted being reused by further plant growth. To be carbon neutral, or nearly so, wood harvest must be at or below the level of sustainable yield. Clearly cutting down trees in forests that have grown for hundreds, or thousands of years for use as a biofuel, without the replacement of this biomass would not have a carbon neutral effect. Many people believe that a way to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is to use biofuels to replace non-renewable sources of energy.
Much research is being done about the use of microalgae as an energy source, with applications for biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, methane, and even hydrogen. The production of biofuels to replace oil and natural gas is in active development, focusing on the use of cheap organic matter (usually cellulose, agricultural and sewage waste) in the efficient production of liquid and gas biofuels which yield high net energy gain. One advantage of biofuel over most other fuel types is that it is biodegradable, and so relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.
Vocabulário:
altogether - completamente
amount - quantia
bucket - balde
bushel - alqueire (medida de cereais)
clim - ascenção
crop - colheita
devising - legado
dripping - encharcado
emblazon - ornar
environmental - ambiente
feedstock - estoque de alimentos
fill up - encher completamente
forward - incentivar
fryer - ave comestível para fritar
gauge - critério
greenhouse - estufa
heat - calor
however - de qualquer modo
hurdle - obstáculo
lazy - preguiçoso
mileage - milhagem
pouring - despejar
pump - bomba
rising - ascenção
several - vários
slash - cortes
nub - desprezar
stalks - caule
switchgrass - gramíneas
warn - previnir
waste - desperdício
windswept- exposto ao vento
worldwide - mundial
worry - preocupação
Questões
1 O que é biocombustível e para o que ele serve ?
2 Quais são os principais combustíveis alternativos, o seus benefícios que traz a nós e sua principal função ?
3 Qual é o maior país produtor de combustível alternativo ?
4 Quais os países que já adotou o combustível ?
5 Você concorda com o uso do combustível, Por que ?
Nome: Alan Nº01 3ºB
Alternative Fuel
ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Alternative fuels are derrived from resources other than petroleum. Some are produced domestically, reducing our dependence on imported oil, and some are derived from renewable sources. Often, they produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel. To promote alternative fuels, the Federal government offers tax incentives to consumers purchasing qualifying alternative fuel vehicles.
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air pollutants
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml
Vocabulário:
vehicles-veículos
producd - produzir
renewable - renovavel
oftem - frequentemente
coal - carvão
hydrogen - hidrogênio
greenhouse - gáses da estufa
Resource - recurso
PERGUNTAS
1 - Quais são as principais materias primas dos combustiveis alternativos ?
2 - O governo quer aumentar o numero de carros com conbustiveis alternativos. De acordo com o texto o que o governo oferece de incentivo para quem tiver um carro que use o combustivel alternativo ?
3 - Qual dos combustiveis acima que não produz nenhum poluente?
4 - O que quer dizer LPG?
5 - Esses combustiveis eliminam totalmente os gases poluentes ou apenas diminuem as emisões dos gases ?
GUILHERME DIAS N° 31
FABIO N° 27
Alternative fuels are derrived from resources other than petroleum. Some are produced domestically, reducing our dependence on imported oil, and some are derived from renewable sources. Often, they produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel. To promote alternative fuels, the Federal government offers tax incentives to consumers purchasing qualifying alternative fuel vehicles.
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air pollutants
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml
Vocabulário:
vehicles-veículos
producd - produzir
renewable - renovavel
oftem - frequentemente
coal - carvão
hydrogen - hidrogênio
greenhouse - gáses da estufa
Resource - recurso
PERGUNTAS
1 - Quais são as principais materias primas dos combustiveis alternativos ?
2 - O governo quer aumentar o numero de carros com conbustiveis alternativos. De acordo com o texto o que o governo oferece de incentivo para quem tiver um carro que use o combustivel alternativo ?
3 - Qual dos combustiveis acima que não produz nenhum poluente?
4 - O que quer dizer LPG?
5 - Esses combustiveis eliminam totalmente os gases poluentes ou apenas diminuem as emisões dos gases ?
GUILHERME DIAS N° 31
FABIO N° 27
quinta-feira, 14 de junho de 2007
Alternative Fuels
What will you fill up your car with in five to ten years? It's hard to say. Several different alternatives to petroleum and diesel, or ways to economize on them, have come forward in the past few years, and each has its own pluses and minuses.
Experts warn that it won't be easy to get off of petroleum or reduce how much the world uses. The amount of energy per liter derived from petroleum is far better than most of the alternatives, a worldwide infrastructure based on it already exists, and people tend to be lazy--seeking out alternative fuels takes some effort.
If oil drops below $55 a barrel, most of these alternatives stop becoming attractive, says Dan Arvizu, director of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. And the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is watching what is going on in alternative fuels and can gauge oil prices accordingly.
"We do have a problem with how serious we are about our energy challenges," he said.
Global warming and improving technology, however, are making the alternatives more realistic all the time. Here's a guide to the main alternatives.
1. Ethanol
What: Ethanol is an alcohol produced out of corn, sugar cane or other food crops. During the production process, the plant material goes through several stages of heating and reduction. Ethanol is typically mixed with gasoline. Some cars can run on a mix of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gas, but ethanol is most commonly used as an additive in smaller percentages. Forty-seven percent of U.S. drivers today use some form of ethanol, but they usually only put small amounts in their cars: many states now use it for a substitute for MTBE, a common fuel additive with potential health risks to humans and other animals.
Pros: Ethanol pollutes less than regular gas. And we already know how to make it in large volumes. Brazil uses ethanol made from sugar cane extensively. Investors are pouring billions of dollars into ethanol refineries in the U.S. There are 109 ethanol plants in the U.S. and 40 new projects coming on line, according to Michael Eckhart, president of American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE).
Cons: Where to begin? First, food crops aren't an ideal fuel source. An acre of corn produces 480 gallons of ethanol, according to Paul McCroskey, chief financial officer at Ceres, which makes enzymes for the fuel industry. That's a lot of land.
Ethanol only puts out two-thirds the energy of gas, so car mileage is lower on ethanol. Ethanol production also generates tons of carbon dioxide, which, if it's not captured turns into greenhouse gases. Producing ethanol also requires lots of energy. It's popular, say some, because farmers love it, and they tend to show up on Election Day.
To top it off, the price of corn is climbing, while gas prices are declining. In January 2006, ethanol sold for $3 a barrel, while a bushel of corn cost $2. Now, ethanol sells for $2 per barrel and corn goes for $4.20 a bushel, according to ACORE. "We have seen the most profitable space in the fuel business disappear in a year," said Eckhart. OPEC, he added, will lower oil prices to put pressure on the ethanol industry.
2. Cellulosic ethanol
What: Cellulosic ethanol is also an alcohol, but it's made out of wood chips, corn stalks and agricultural waste products. Some scientists also believe cellulosic ethanol can be produced out of plants like switchgrass that require little fertilizer and water and could grow in the windswept plains of South Dakota.
Pros: The feedstock dilemma essentially disappears. The vegetable matter used in cellulosic ethanol has almost no value, which will mean margins won't get compressed by commodity price shifts, and critics can't argue that food crops in a hungry world are going to cars. Mascoma, Dyadic International and other companies are also devising ways to convert the high-cellulose waste matter into alcohol with microbes and enzymes, there by cutting production costs and total greenhouse gas emissions.
The goal is to get cellulosic ethanol to the point where the "real" cost per gallon will run you $1.62, according to Arvizu. (The real cost is how much ethanol it will take to go as far as a gallon of gas will take you. Typically, 1.67 gallons of ethanol equal 1 gallon of gas.) By contrast, the "real" cost of standard ethanol is close to $3.50 or more now, he added.
Cons: It pretty much only exists in labs right now, but larger-scale production is coming. Mascoma plans to open a trial plant that can produce 500,000 gallons a year by the end of this year.
"It (commercial cellulosic ethanol production) used to be five or six years out, but we could get it done in three years. The key is being able to build a plant that can do one to two million gallons," said William Baum, executive vice president of Diversa, which finds microbes in exotic locales and puts them to work.
Like regular ethanol too, cellulosic faces a retail problem: the stations emblazoned with Shell or ChevronTexaco signs won't be clamoring to carry it. That's partly why only 1 percent of U.S. stations--mostly independents or pumps at grocery stores--serve ethanol.
3. Biodiesel
What: It's diesel fuel made out of soy, palm or other vegetable oils. The drippings from a deep fat fryer can run a diesel car, as long as you filter it and heat up the oil to make the oil more viscous. Biodiesel refiners essentially do the filtering for consumers. There are 85 biodiesel plants in the U.S. and 65 in construction, according to ACORE.
Pros: It's got far fewer economic and environmental hurdles than ethanol, says Martin Tobias, a former Microsoft exec who now runs Imperium Renewables, a biodiesel maker. Diesel cars are very popular in Europe, and several manufacturers make high-mileage diesel cars. Some truck and bus makers already produce diesel hybrid trucks. Biodiesel could be sold to those people right now. And since industrial diesel users buy their fuel directly, they don't have to worry about corporate service stations snubbing biodiesel altogether.
Finally, biodiesel puts out far less carbon gases. Sulfur can be a problem with soy-based biodiesel, but Tobias says it can be contained.
Cons: Farming sometimes isn't the most eco-friendly activity, and some worry that a surge in demand for palm oil will lead to slash-and-burn agriculture and pollution in the tropics. Advocates, though, say that farmers are tackling this problem. One group in Colombia is growing biodiesel feedstock on old coca plantations. The rising popularity of biodiesel is expected to impact the cost of food oil.
Even after the new facilities get built, biodiesel is a drop in the bucket of the world's fuel needs. There are only 150 million gallons of the stuff produced a year in the U.S. and, although that number will climb to 250 gallons this year, the U.S. consumes about 62 billion gallons of diesel a year.
(Trecho do texto original : "FAQ: Guide to Alternative Fuels")
Fonte : CNET News. com - http//news.com.com
Vocabulário:
altogether - completamente
amount - quantia
bucket - balde
bushel - alqueire (medida de cereais)
clim - ascenção
crop - colheita
devising - legado
dripping - encharcado
emblazon - ornar
environmental - ambiente
feedstock - estoque de alimentos
fill up - encher completamente
forward - incentivar
fryer - ave comestível para fritar
gauge - critério
greenhouse - estufa
heat - calor
however - de qualquer modo
hurdle - obstáculo
lazy - preguiçoso
mileage - milhagem
pouring - despejar
pump - bomba
rising - ascenção
several - vários
slash - cortes
nub - desprezar
stalks - caule
switchgrass - gramíneas
warn - previnir
waste - desperdício
windswept- exposto ao vento
worldwide - mundial
worry - preocupação
Questões:
1 - O Petróleo já é considerado uma fonte de energia e combustível esgotável. que tem sido desenvolvido pelos especialistas e o que torna estas novas medidas parte de um processo demroado?
2- Quais as matérias-primas usadas para produzir Etanol? Nos EUA, essa fonte é utlizada? Como?
3- Quais são as desvantagens do uso de Etanol em carros?
4- As fontes de matérias-primas de Etanol de celulose e do Biodiesel são similiares. Qual é a origem dessas fontes?
5- Em relação ao Aquecimento Global, qual combústivel colabora menos com a liberação dos gases do efeito estufa - Biodiesel ou Etanol de celulose? Justifique.
Componentes do Grupo
Aline Brito - nº 3
Amanda Nicoli - nº 6
Bruno Chescon - nº 12
César - nº 23
Karine - nº 39
Experts warn that it won't be easy to get off of petroleum or reduce how much the world uses. The amount of energy per liter derived from petroleum is far better than most of the alternatives, a worldwide infrastructure based on it already exists, and people tend to be lazy--seeking out alternative fuels takes some effort.
If oil drops below $55 a barrel, most of these alternatives stop becoming attractive, says Dan Arvizu, director of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. And the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is watching what is going on in alternative fuels and can gauge oil prices accordingly.
"We do have a problem with how serious we are about our energy challenges," he said.
Global warming and improving technology, however, are making the alternatives more realistic all the time. Here's a guide to the main alternatives.
1. Ethanol
What: Ethanol is an alcohol produced out of corn, sugar cane or other food crops. During the production process, the plant material goes through several stages of heating and reduction. Ethanol is typically mixed with gasoline. Some cars can run on a mix of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gas, but ethanol is most commonly used as an additive in smaller percentages. Forty-seven percent of U.S. drivers today use some form of ethanol, but they usually only put small amounts in their cars: many states now use it for a substitute for MTBE, a common fuel additive with potential health risks to humans and other animals.
Pros: Ethanol pollutes less than regular gas. And we already know how to make it in large volumes. Brazil uses ethanol made from sugar cane extensively. Investors are pouring billions of dollars into ethanol refineries in the U.S. There are 109 ethanol plants in the U.S. and 40 new projects coming on line, according to Michael Eckhart, president of American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE).
Cons: Where to begin? First, food crops aren't an ideal fuel source. An acre of corn produces 480 gallons of ethanol, according to Paul McCroskey, chief financial officer at Ceres, which makes enzymes for the fuel industry. That's a lot of land.
Ethanol only puts out two-thirds the energy of gas, so car mileage is lower on ethanol. Ethanol production also generates tons of carbon dioxide, which, if it's not captured turns into greenhouse gases. Producing ethanol also requires lots of energy. It's popular, say some, because farmers love it, and they tend to show up on Election Day.
To top it off, the price of corn is climbing, while gas prices are declining. In January 2006, ethanol sold for $3 a barrel, while a bushel of corn cost $2. Now, ethanol sells for $2 per barrel and corn goes for $4.20 a bushel, according to ACORE. "We have seen the most profitable space in the fuel business disappear in a year," said Eckhart. OPEC, he added, will lower oil prices to put pressure on the ethanol industry.
2. Cellulosic ethanol
What: Cellulosic ethanol is also an alcohol, but it's made out of wood chips, corn stalks and agricultural waste products. Some scientists also believe cellulosic ethanol can be produced out of plants like switchgrass that require little fertilizer and water and could grow in the windswept plains of South Dakota.
Pros: The feedstock dilemma essentially disappears. The vegetable matter used in cellulosic ethanol has almost no value, which will mean margins won't get compressed by commodity price shifts, and critics can't argue that food crops in a hungry world are going to cars. Mascoma, Dyadic International and other companies are also devising ways to convert the high-cellulose waste matter into alcohol with microbes and enzymes, there by cutting production costs and total greenhouse gas emissions.
The goal is to get cellulosic ethanol to the point where the "real" cost per gallon will run you $1.62, according to Arvizu. (The real cost is how much ethanol it will take to go as far as a gallon of gas will take you. Typically, 1.67 gallons of ethanol equal 1 gallon of gas.) By contrast, the "real" cost of standard ethanol is close to $3.50 or more now, he added.
Cons: It pretty much only exists in labs right now, but larger-scale production is coming. Mascoma plans to open a trial plant that can produce 500,000 gallons a year by the end of this year.
"It (commercial cellulosic ethanol production) used to be five or six years out, but we could get it done in three years. The key is being able to build a plant that can do one to two million gallons," said William Baum, executive vice president of Diversa, which finds microbes in exotic locales and puts them to work.
Like regular ethanol too, cellulosic faces a retail problem: the stations emblazoned with Shell or ChevronTexaco signs won't be clamoring to carry it. That's partly why only 1 percent of U.S. stations--mostly independents or pumps at grocery stores--serve ethanol.
3. Biodiesel
What: It's diesel fuel made out of soy, palm or other vegetable oils. The drippings from a deep fat fryer can run a diesel car, as long as you filter it and heat up the oil to make the oil more viscous. Biodiesel refiners essentially do the filtering for consumers. There are 85 biodiesel plants in the U.S. and 65 in construction, according to ACORE.
Pros: It's got far fewer economic and environmental hurdles than ethanol, says Martin Tobias, a former Microsoft exec who now runs Imperium Renewables, a biodiesel maker. Diesel cars are very popular in Europe, and several manufacturers make high-mileage diesel cars. Some truck and bus makers already produce diesel hybrid trucks. Biodiesel could be sold to those people right now. And since industrial diesel users buy their fuel directly, they don't have to worry about corporate service stations snubbing biodiesel altogether.
Finally, biodiesel puts out far less carbon gases. Sulfur can be a problem with soy-based biodiesel, but Tobias says it can be contained.
Cons: Farming sometimes isn't the most eco-friendly activity, and some worry that a surge in demand for palm oil will lead to slash-and-burn agriculture and pollution in the tropics. Advocates, though, say that farmers are tackling this problem. One group in Colombia is growing biodiesel feedstock on old coca plantations. The rising popularity of biodiesel is expected to impact the cost of food oil.
Even after the new facilities get built, biodiesel is a drop in the bucket of the world's fuel needs. There are only 150 million gallons of the stuff produced a year in the U.S. and, although that number will climb to 250 gallons this year, the U.S. consumes about 62 billion gallons of diesel a year.
(Trecho do texto original : "FAQ: Guide to Alternative Fuels")
Fonte : CNET News. com - http//news.com.com
Vocabulário:
altogether - completamente
amount - quantia
bucket - balde
bushel - alqueire (medida de cereais)
clim - ascenção
crop - colheita
devising - legado
dripping - encharcado
emblazon - ornar
environmental - ambiente
feedstock - estoque de alimentos
fill up - encher completamente
forward - incentivar
fryer - ave comestível para fritar
gauge - critério
greenhouse - estufa
heat - calor
however - de qualquer modo
hurdle - obstáculo
lazy - preguiçoso
mileage - milhagem
pouring - despejar
pump - bomba
rising - ascenção
several - vários
slash - cortes
nub - desprezar
stalks - caule
switchgrass - gramíneas
warn - previnir
waste - desperdício
windswept- exposto ao vento
worldwide - mundial
worry - preocupação
Questões:
1 - O Petróleo já é considerado uma fonte de energia e combustível esgotável. que tem sido desenvolvido pelos especialistas e o que torna estas novas medidas parte de um processo demroado?
2- Quais as matérias-primas usadas para produzir Etanol? Nos EUA, essa fonte é utlizada? Como?
3- Quais são as desvantagens do uso de Etanol em carros?
4- As fontes de matérias-primas de Etanol de celulose e do Biodiesel são similiares. Qual é a origem dessas fontes?
5- Em relação ao Aquecimento Global, qual combústivel colabora menos com a liberação dos gases do efeito estufa - Biodiesel ou Etanol de celulose? Justifique.
Componentes do Grupo
Aline Brito - nº 3
Amanda Nicoli - nº 6
Bruno Chescon - nº 12
César - nº 23
Karine - nº 39
Alternative Fuel
Brazil plans sugar cane-soy biofuel to cut pollution
BRAZIL: September 26, 2000
SAO PAULO - Brazil may soon refine a diesel fuel from soyoil and sugarcane to cut pollution from its urban fleets and power farm machinery in rural areas, industry experts said yesterday.
The special fuel, known as biodiesel, is compatible with conventional diesel engines and requires no modification to the motor. The fuel has the capacity to cut air toxins by some 90 percent, posing less of a health threat, they said."Biodiesel ... has virtually all the chemical-combustive behaviours of normal diesel oil," said engineer Jose Carlos Laurindo at the Parana State Institute of Technology.As the world's top sugarcane growers, Brazil's cane millers make a large variety of sugars from their crush, but also distill the resulting liquor to make two types of fuel ethanol - hydrous and anhydrous alcohol.The boost in demand to Brazil's idle soyoil market would be a welcome side effect of developing the biofuel as the domestic crushing industry is faced with diving world prices and high supply. Brazil is the second largest soybean producer after the U.S.According to Oil and Gas Journal, the 98-year-old weekly trade magazine based in Houston, biodiesel has become the first alternative fuel to complete health effects testing as required by the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act.While the biodiesel produced in the U.S. and Europe is made with a petroleum-based methanol, Brazil would prefer to use ethanol, which it makes from distilling sugar cane liquor. Brazil also considers the burning of methanol an environmental hazard."We are looking to break with European production of biodiesel which involves methanol. We will use ethanol made from sugarcane," said Germano Ottmann, production director at COAMO, a large co-operative whose laboratories are testing a biodiesel made from soyoil and ethanol.Hydrous alcohol is used in vehicles requiring special engines while anhydrous alcohol, its chemical counterpart, is added to all gasoline sold in the country to form a mix known as "gasohol.""We have an abundant supply (of ethanol) in Brazil and it pollutes less than the petroleum-based alcohol (methanol)," Ottmann told Reuters. COAMO is based in Parana, Brazil's second largest soy-producing state.But the fuels are not suitable for normal diesel engines. There has been talk, however, of mixing such alcohols with diesel oil for use in modified "green" bus fleets in some cities.IN SEARCH OF A MARKETSoon after OPEC hiked world oil prices 70 percent in 1973, Brazil came up with a "pro-alcohol" fuel programme to help reduce its dependency on oil imports and cushion its massive cane industry against volatility in world sugar prices.While the fuel may become an attractive alternative overseas, it remains to be decided where biodiesel could best enter the domestic market in Brazil."To transport diesel into northern Mato Grosso is very costly. The state is a top soybean grower. In places such as these, (soy) biodiesel should be viable," Laurindo said.Mato Grosso, Brazil's leading soybean growing state, lies within a vast fertile plain in the country's centre-west region. In terms of infrastructure, the state has relatively little freight rail or river transport available and almost all goods must be moved by truck at a high cost.However, Ottmann said the soyoil-based fuel would usually cost more than conventional diesel and would find a better consumer market in the country's major cities because of tightening regulations on air pollution."Biodiesel will never compete with the price of diesel. It will exist because of government regulations on pollution in cities such as Curitiba, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre," said Ottmann, noting a handful of state capitals which also represent Brazil's largest metropolitan areas."A mixture of about 20 to 30 percent in conventional diesel will greatly diminish the pollution problems of the major urban centres," said Ottmann. "I imagine production in Brazil will start because of environmental, not commercial, reasons."Brazil may take its lead from the United States where states such as Arizona, Ohio, Maryland, New Jersey and Delaware have already approved the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel and have allowed fleet operators to convert to biodiesel fuels rather than buying new vehicles to comply with clean air mandates."If biodiesel goes into production in the major cities, it will create demand that will enliven the soyoil market, which is dead at the moment," said Ottmann.
Story by Reese Ewing
REUTERS NEWS SERVICE
*****VOCABULARY******
*Hydrous= Hídrico*Grower= Crescido
*Sugarcane= Cana-de-açúcar
*Biofuel= Biocombutível
*Anhydrous= Álcool Anídrico
*Soyoil= Óleo de soja
*ChemicalCombustivel= CombustívelQuímico
*Idle= Desocupado
*Supply= Suprimento
*Handful= Útil
*Environmental hazard= PerigoAmbiental
*Engines= Motores
*machinery= Maquinaria
*Against= Contra
*Prices= Preços
*Tightening= Apertando
*Greatly= Grandemente
*Already= Já (já fez)
*Buying= Comprando
*Create= Criar
*****QUESTIONS*****
1-O combustível biodiesel é compatível com todos os motores? E quais os efeitos do uso desse combustível?
2-Para que está sendo usado o álcool hídrico nos veículos?
3-Qual será a providência a se tomar para motores a diesel (Combustível que não é compatível com o álcool)?
4-Como foi que o Brasil fez para reduzir sua dependência de combustíveis baseado em petróleo? 5-Em quais estados dos Estados Unidos o Brasil pode tomar a liderança na venda de Biocombustível? E por que?
*****COMPONENTES DO GRUPO*****
Names: Camila F. Rizzi n° 17, Caroline Lima n° 22 série: 3°B
Alternative Fuel
Alternative fuels are derrived from resources other than petroleum. Some are produced domestically, reducing our dependence on imported oil, and some are derived from renewable sources. Often, they produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel.
To promote alternative fuels, the Federal government offers tax incentives to consumers purchasing qualifying alternative fuel vehicles.
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
pollutants.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air
Vocabulario.
renewable -renovável
sources-fontes, origens
purchasing-comprando
harmful-maléfico, prejudicial
pollutants-poluentes
greenhouse-estufa
coal-carvão
Questoes.
1.O Etanol é importante para ajudar a diminuir o efeito estufa? Porque?
2.Como é produzido o Etanol?
3.O Biodiesel é derivado de que?
4.O que o Governo Federal oferece para os consumidores que habilitam seus carros para os combustiveis alternativos?
5.Qual dos combustiveis alternativos citados no texto é mais abundante?
Componentes do Grupo.
Carlos 18
Guilherme 32
Lucas 40
Marcelo 42
Sergio 44
To promote alternative fuels, the Federal government offers tax incentives to consumers purchasing qualifying alternative fuel vehicles.
Ethanol is produced domestically from corn and other crops and produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels.
pollutants.
Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. It usually produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Propane, also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is a domestically abundant fossil fuel that generates less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels (such as coal), nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful air
Vocabulario.
renewable -renovável
sources-fontes, origens
purchasing-comprando
harmful-maléfico, prejudicial
pollutants-poluentes
greenhouse-estufa
coal-carvão
Questoes.
1.O Etanol é importante para ajudar a diminuir o efeito estufa? Porque?
2.Como é produzido o Etanol?
3.O Biodiesel é derivado de que?
4.O que o Governo Federal oferece para os consumidores que habilitam seus carros para os combustiveis alternativos?
5.Qual dos combustiveis alternativos citados no texto é mais abundante?
Componentes do Grupo.
Carlos 18
Guilherme 32
Lucas 40
Marcelo 42
Sergio 44
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